India eyes 60,000 MW of nuclear by 2035

India Nuclear Power Expansion outlines PHWR 700 MW builds, FBRs, AHWR thorium fuel, LWR nuclear parks on coasts, closed fuel cycle, U-233, NPCIL uranium sourcing, and waste storage at stable geological sites.

India is pursuing a nuclear power-generation capacity target of about 60,000 megawatts (MW) by 2035, according to Srikumar Banerjee, who took over as the head of the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) and the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in November last year.

Nuclear power would then account for 10% of the total installed power-generating capacity in the country, as India moves to double nuclear output over time.

In a recent interview with Nature magazine, Banerjee said that the country is planning a major expansion of its nuclear power-generating capacity, including a 20,000 MW target to meet rapidly increasing energy demands. During this period, India plans to add eight to 10 pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) of 700 MW each fuelled by natural uranium, several fast-breeder reactors (FBRs) fuelled by plutonium-based fuel, as well as an advanced heavy-water reactor (AHWR) based on thorium fuel.

All of these reactors would be designed in India, as the government takes steps to support indigenous development.

In addition, the country will develop light-water reactors (LWRs), each with a capacity of 1,000 to 1,650 MW, after identifying potential sites with state partners in technical collaboration with foreign vendors. The LWRs will be set up in nuclear parks on the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, with land acquisition in progress for several sites as needed. Banerjee also said that stable underground geological sites are being identified for long-term storage of nuclear waste.

Although the country is pursuing an ambitious target of 60,000 MW of installed nuclear power generation capacity by 2035, alongside US$27 billion investments to scale the sector, its established reserves of uranium can accommodate an expansion of up to only 10,000 MW. According to Jagdeep Ghai, the finance director of state-owned Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), India's requirement for uranium would increase 10-fold by 2020 amounting to 8,000 tons per year. Banerjee said that the country is scouting for additional domestic reserves of fuel.

The Tummallapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh had been estimated to contain 50,000 tons of uranium reserves, but recent estimates indicate a three-fold increase in reserves. India is also tapping into international markets through civilian nuclear cooperation deals that have so far been signed with eight countries: Argentina, France, Russia, the U.S., Canada, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Namibia. India also has placed a purchase order for uranium with Kazakhstan. NPCIL is looking to acquire stakes in uranium mines in Namibia.

India is also adopting the closed-fuel cycle option, under which it can process spent fuel to recover plutonium for further use in FBRs for power generation. It also owns nearly 25% of the world's thorium deposits, and is planning to develop an AHWR to explore the thorium fuel cycle.

In September last year, Anil Kakodkar, erstwhile the chairman of AEC, announced that India has designed a new model of the AHWR, which uses low-enriched uranium (LEU) along with thorium as fuel. About 67% of the energy output from an AHWR comes from the fission of uranium-233, which itself is produced through collision of uranium neutrons with thorium. Banerjee said that India needs to focus on large-scale conversion of thorium into uranium-233, which is a fissile material, for nuclear power generation.

The KAMINI reactor, operational at the Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR), was the world's first reactor designed for operations based on uranium-233 as fuel.

NPCIL has so far built PHWRs of 220 MW and 540 MW, and plans for a Haryana plant signal continued expansion. The first indigenous PHWRs of 700 MW are being set up at Kakrapar in Gujarat. Construction of the two units is expected to be completed within six years. The central government has sanctioned the development of two more indigenous PHWRs of 770 MW each at Rawatbhatta in Rajasthan to form the seventh and eighth units of the Rajasthan atomic power station.

Construction of the two units is scheduled to begin in mid-2010.

India's indigenously developed 13-MW fast-breeder test reactor at IGCAR currently operates on a fuel mix of uranium and plutonium. A 500-MW prototype FBR, which will utilize plutonium and depleted uranium from PHWRs, is expected to be commissioned by the end of this year.

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