Capacitance in Series

Electricity generation is the process of producing electric power from various energy sources, including fossil fuels, solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear. It uses turbines and generators to convert mechanical or thermal energy into electrical energy for residential, commercial, and industrial use.

What is Electricity Generation?

Electricity generation is a process that involves producing electrical power from various sources.

✅ Converts mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy into electrical power

✅ Uses generators powered by steam, wind, water, or combustion

✅ Essential for powering homes, industries, and transportation

In the United States, power production from utility-scale generators was about 4.1 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2019. Fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and petroleum, produced about 63% of the electricity, while nuclear energy produced around 20%. The remaining 17% was generated from renewable energy sources, including solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and hydroelectric power production. To explore the full process from fuel to flow, see our detailed guide on how electricity is generated.

Electricity Generation Sources Compared

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Hydroelectric power production units utilize flowing water to spin a turbine connected to a generator. Falling water systems accumulate water in reservoirs created by dams, which then release it through conduits to apply pressure against the turbine blades, driving the generator. In a run-of-the-river system, the force of the river current applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce power. In 2000, hydroelectric generation accounted for the fourth-largest share (7 percent) of electricity production, at 273 billion kWh. Explore how water and electricity interact in hydroelectric plants, where falling water is converted into renewable energy.

Non-Hydro Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Generation

Non-water renewable sources, including geothermal, refuse, waste heat, waste steam, solar thermal power plants, wind, and wood, contribute only small amounts (about 2 percent) to total power production. In 2019, power production from these sources totalled 84 billion kWh. The entire electric power industry production in 2019 was 3,800 billion kWh, with utilities' net production accounting for 3,015 billion kWh and net generation by non-utility power producers 785 billion kWh.

U.S. Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Trends and Shifts

The United States' share of electrical energy production from different sources has changed more rapidly since 2007 than ever since 1950. On the other hand, Canada's energy production is significantly less than that of the USA, primarily in Ontario and British Columbia. At least three trends are catalyzing these changes: (1) the low price of natural gas; (2) the rise in renewable and distributed generation due to falling costs; and (3) recent Federal and State policies impacting production. There are many innovative ways to generate electricity, from traditional fossil fuels to cutting-edge renewable technologies.

Fuel Source Diversity in U.S. and Canadian Electricity Production

Diversity is a key attribute in U.S. and Canadian electricity production. However, rather than being the result of a deliberative, long-term national initiative, this diversity has developed through spurts of growth in specific production technologies at different times. This is often due to policies, historical events, capital costs, fuel costs, and technological advancements.

Historical Growth of Electricity Generation by Energy Source

Most energy sources have experienced eras of significant capacity growth in terms of terawatt hours: hydro (1930‒1950, not shown); coal (1950-1985); nuclear (1960‒1980); natural gas (1990‒2010); and renewables (2005‒present). Nuclear energy is increasingly recognized as a key solution for achieving carbon reduction goals—learn how it contributes to net-zero emissions.

Changing U.S. Power Generation Mix: Centralized to Distributed Energy

The U.S. generation mix has undergone significant changes over the past few decades and is projected to continue evolving substantially. The U.S. generation fleet is transitioning from one dominated by centralized generators with high inertia and dispatchability to one more hybridized, relying on a mixture of traditional, centralized production and variable utility-scale and distributed renewable energy production.

Power Generation Technologies: From Diesel Engines to Wind Turbines

To generate power, various sources are utilized, including diesel engines, gas turbines, and nuclear power plants. Fossil fuels, including natural gas and coal, are burned to create hot gases that go through turbines, which spin the copper armature inside the generator and generate an electric current. In a nuclear power plant, nuclear reactions generate heat that is used to heat water, which then turns into steam and passes through a turbine to produce electricity. In a wind turbine, the wind pushes against the turbine blades, causing the rotor to spin and generating an electric current. In a hydroelectric turbine, flowing or falling water pushes against the turbine blades, causing the rotor to spin and generating an electric current. As the global energy landscape evolves, many experts are re-evaluating the role of nuclear power—learn more in our feature on the future of nuclear energy.

Electricity Generation by Utilities and Non-Utility Power Producers

To meet these immediate demands, utilities and nonutility power producers operate several electric generating units powered by various fuel sources. Renewable fuels, such as water, geothermal, wind, and other renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaics, are used as sources of power, alongside fossil fuels and uranium.

Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation: Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum

Coal was the fuel used to generate the largest share (51.8 percent) of electricity in 2000, with natural gas and petroleum accounting for 16.1 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Steam-electric generating units burn fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum, to produce steam. This steam is then used to turn a turbine into a generator, producing power. On the other hand, gas turbine generators burn fuels to create hot gases, which also go through a turbine, spinning the copper armature inside the generator and generating an electric current. Diesel engine generators are also used, where the combustion occurs inside the engine's cylinders, which are connected to the generator's shaft. The mechanical energy provided by the turbine drives the generator, which in turn produces energy.

Electricity Generation Trends and the Global Shift Toward Renewables

The production of electrical energy has experienced various eras of significant capacity growth in the United States, Canada, and other countries worldwide. The future of power production is transitioning to a more hybridized generation fleet that relies on a combination of traditional, centralized power production and variable utility-scale and distributed renewable energy sources. Low natural gas prices drive this transition, the rise of renewable and distributed energy sources, and recent Federal and State policies that impact generation. Discover the most common renewable energy sources powering the shift toward a cleaner, more sustainable electricity future.

Enhance your expertise in clean energy with our comprehensive Renewable Energy Grid Integration Training course. Designed for electrical professionals, this course covers the challenges and solutions associated with connecting solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources to the power grid. Stay ahead of industry trends, improve system reliability, and gain valuable skills to support the transition to a sustainable energy future. Enroll today and take the next step in your professional development.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is electricity generated from renewable energy sources?

Electricity is generated from renewable energy sources by converting the energy of the sun, wind, water, or earth into electrical energy. For example, solar photovoltaic panels generate power directly from sunlight, wind turbines to generate electricity from wind energy, and hydroelectric power plants generate power from falling water.

What are the different types of fossil fuels used?

The different types of fossil fuels used include coal, natural gas, and petroleum. Coal is the most commonly used fossil fuel for energy production, followed by natural gas and oil.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power plants for electricity generation?

Advantages of using nuclear power plants include that they produce a large amount of energy with a low amount of fuel, emit less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel power plants, and are not dependent on weather conditions like wind or solar power. Disadvantages include the risks associated with nuclear accidents, the high cost of building and maintaining nuclear power plants, and the long-term storage of nuclear waste.

How do gas turbines work to generate electricity?

Gas turbines burn natural gas or other fuels to heat air, which expands and drives the turbine. Finally, the turbine is connected to a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

What is the role of steam turbines in electricity generation?

Steam turbines are commonly used to convert thermal energy from steam into mechanical energy that drives a generator. Steam is produced by burning fossil fuels or using heat from nuclear reactions or geothermal sources. The steam drives the turbine blades, which are connected to the generator to produce electricity.

What are some examples of non-renewable energy sources?

Examples of non-renewable energy sources used for power production include fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum, as well as nuclear energy.

How is electricity generated and distributed in the United States?

Various power plants, including those powered by fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources, generate electricity in the United States. Electric power is transported over a complex network of power lines and transformers to homes, businesses, and other consumers through local utility companies. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and various state regulatory agencies regulate power distribution.

Related Articles

• Renewable Energy Channel

• Energy Storage Channel

• Electricity Forum

Direct current (DC) is a steady flow of electric charge in one direction, widely used in batteries, electronics, and power supply systems. Unlike alternating current, it provides constant voltage, making it vital for circuits, devices, and renewable energy applications.

What is Direct Current?

Direct current (DC) is an electric charge that flows consistently in one direction through a conductor.

✅ Provides constant voltage for stable operation

✅ Powers batteries, electronics, and renewable systems

✅ Differs from alternating current by unidirectional flow

Direct current (DC) plays an essential role in electrical power. It is a type of electrical flow where the flow of electric charge remains constant and does not change direction. DC differs from alternating current (AC), periodically reversing direction as the voltages and amperage vary with time. Direct current is often compared with alternating current, which reverses direction periodically and dominates modern transmission systems.

One of the most well-known proponents of direct current was Thomas Edison, who competed with George Westinghouse, an advocate for alternating current, in the late 19th century. Their competition, known as the "War of the Currents," ultimately led to the widespread adoption of AC systems, which are more suitable for long-distance, high-voltage transmission. However, this does not diminish the importance and numerous applications of direct current in modern technology. To better understand how DC works, it helps to review basic electricity concepts such as charge, voltage, and resistance.

A direct current power supply, often found in electronic devices, converts AC power from the power grid into DC power. This conversion process ensures a constant voltage that meets the device's requirements. The conversion is achieved through transformers, rectifiers, and capacitors, which stabilize the voltage and smooth out the electrical signal.

Direct current has various advantages and disadvantages. One of its main advantages is the ability to provide stable, constant power, essential for devices such as computers, smartphones, and other sensitive electronics. Additionally, DC power has lower losses in the form of heat dissipation compared to AC power. On the other hand, a significant disadvantage of DC is its limited capacity for long-distance power transmission. It requires larger conductors to maintain efficiency, and the power loss becomes substantial over long distances. The difference between AC and DC has shaped the history of electricity since the “War of the Currents” between Edison and Westinghouse.

DC motors and generators operate through the principle of electromagnetism. A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, while a generator turns mechanical energy into electrical energy. The interaction between a magnetic field and the flow of amperage within conductive wires generates a force, causing the motor's rotor to rotate. In the case of a generator, the mechanical motion induces a flow within the conductive wires.

Battery technology heavily relies on direct current, as batteries store and discharge energy in DC power. This is one reason electric vehicles (EVs) use DC motors and batteries for propulsion. In addition, the growing trend towards renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, further highlights the importance of DC power, as these sources initially generate DC power before converting it to AC for grid integration. For a broader context, you can explore electricity fundamentals, which cover both direct and alternating current and their applications.

Both AC and DC currents can be converted and transmitted through specialized equipment. For example, AC can be converted into DC using rectifiers, while DC can be converted back into AC through inverters. The conversion between these two forms of electricity enables the integration of renewable energy sources into the existing power grid. Additionally, it enables the efficient use of energy storage systems, such as batteries. Many renewable energy systems generate DC first, making them a form of alternative electricity that is later converted to AC for grid use.

DC voltage conversion involves changing the voltage level of a direct current without altering its form. This is typically achieved through DC converters, which either step up (increase) or step down (decrease) the voltage. In many electronic devices, DC converters provide the correct voltage levels required for different components to function optimally.

Direct current can be calculated using Ohm's Law, which states that voltage (V) equals the product of flow (I) and resistance (R). The formula is V = I × R. This fundamental principle is crucial for understanding and analyzing electrical circuits, including those involving direct current.

DC is directly related to electrical resistance, since Ohm’s Law determines how voltage, cpnduction, and resistance interact in a circuit.

Devices like rectifiers and inverters rely on principles explained in Ampere’s Law and Biot-Savart Law, which describe the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best formula to calculate DC electrical stream? 

Ohm's Law is the fundamental principle governing the relationship between voltage, flow, and resistance in an electrical circuit. It is named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who formulated the law in the early 19th century. Ohm's Law can be used to calculate direct (DC) electrical current when the voltage and resistance are known.

The formula for Ohm's Law is:

V = I × R

Where:
V = Voltage (volts)
I = Current (amperes or amps)
R = Resistance (ohms)

This formula can be rearranged to calculate the current (I) when voltage (V) and resistance (R) are given:

I = V / R

Using this formula, we can determine the DC electrical energy flowing through a circuit when the voltage across the circuit and the resistance of the circuit are known.

For example, consider a simple DC circuit with a 12-volt voltage source and a 6-ohm resistor. Using the formula for calculating current, we can determine the amperage flowing through the circuit:

I = V / R
I = 12 V / 6 Ω
I = 2 A

Thus, the DC electrical amperage flowing through the circuit is 2 amperes.

To calculate DC electrical stream, apply Ohm's Law by dividing the voltage (V) by the resistance (R) to determine the current (I) in amperes. Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering, serving as the basis for understanding and analyzing electrical circuits, including those involving direct current.

Are there fewer losses with the direct current than with the alternating current?

Whether there are fewer losses with direct current (DC) than alternating current (AC) depends on the specific application and context. In certain scenarios, DC can have fewer losses, while AC might be more efficient in others. Below are some examples to illustrate this point:

Transmission losses: In long-distance high-voltage power transmission, direct high-voltage current (HVDC) transmission lines can have fewer losses than traditional AC transmission lines. This is because DC transmission lines do not suffer from reactive power losses or the skin effect (which causes higher resistance in AC lines due to the stream flowing mainly on the conductor's surface). Moreover, HVDC lines can be more efficient over long distances as they require only two conductors, while three are needed for AC transmission lines.

Electronic devices: When it comes to electronic devices like computers and smartphones, as well as other sensitive equipment, DC power is often preferred because it provides stable, constant power, resulting in lower losses in the form of heat dissipation. However, these devices need a conversion from the AC power supplied by the grid to the DC power they require. The conversion process may introduce some losses, but DC can be more efficient for these applications once the power is converted.

Electric power transmission over short distances: AC is typically more efficient than DC for shorter distances and lower voltage levels. AC voltage can be easily transformed to different levels using transformers, which are relatively simple and low-loss devices. In contrast, converting DC voltage levels requires more complex and potentially lossy power electronic converters.

The efficiency of direct and alternating currents depends on the specific application and context. For example, DC power can have fewer losses in some cases, such as HVDC transmission lines and sensitive electronic devices. On the other hand, AC is more efficient for short-distance and lower voltage-level transmission, mainly due to the ease of transforming voltage levels using transformers.

Is direct current safer than alternating current?

The safety of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) depends on several factors, including voltage, stream levels, and the specific application. However, it is essential to remember that both types of current can be hazardous under specific conditions.

Both charge flow types are generally considered safe when comparing the safety of DC and AC at low voltages and amps. However, some differences in the physiological effects of DC and AC on the human body can make one type of amperage more hazardous than the other under certain conditions:

Muscle contraction: AC can cause muscle contractions that may make it difficult for a person to release a live wire or conductor. In contrast, DC can also cause muscle contractions, but typically only when making or breaking contact with the conductor. This means that once a person is in contact with a DC source, the muscles may not contract continuously, making it easier to let go.

Ventricular fibrillation: AC has a higher probability of causing ventricular fibrillation (a life-threatening heart rhythm disturbance) than DC at the same energy levels. The frequency of AC power, typically 50 or 60 Hz, can interfere with the electrical signals in the heart, leading to this dangerous condition. DC is less likely to cause ventricular fibrillation because it lacks a frequency component.

Skin resistance: Human skin has a higher resistance to DC than to AC, which can result in less amperage flowing through the body when exposed to DC compared to AC at the same voltage levels. However, this difference in resistance is mostly relevant at low voltages, and the risk of injury still exists when dealing with high-voltage DC sources.

Although there are some differences in the effects of DC and AC on the human body, it is essential to understand that both types of amperage can be dangerous when not handled properly. Therefore, safety precautions must always be taken when working with electrical systems, whether they involve direct or alternating current.

Ultimately, the safety of direct and alternating currents depends on the specific situation and proper handling of electrical systems. However, by following established safety protocols, potential risks associated with both types of amperage can be minimized.

Related Articles

• Electricity Fundamentals

• Electricity Questions

• Electricity History

Watt’s Law defines the relationship between power (watts), voltage (volts), and current (amps): Power = Voltage × Current. It’s used in electrical calculations to determine energy usage, system efficiency, and safe equipment ratings in both residential and industrial systems.

What is: Watt’s Law?

Watt’s Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering:

✅ Calculates electrical power as the product of voltage and current

✅ Helps design efficient and safe electrical systems

✅ Used in both residential and industrial applications

Watt’s Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that defines the relationship between power, voltage, and current in an electrical circuit. James Watt invented the law. It states that the power (measured in watts) of an electrical device is equal to the product of the voltage (measured in volts) and the current (measured in amperes) flowing through it. In other words, the watt's law formula is expressed as: Power = Voltage × Current. This simple equation is essential for understanding how electrical components consume and distribute energy in a circuit. 

For example, consider a light bulb connected to an electrical circuit. The electrical potential (voltage) pushes the electric charge through the filament of the bulb, creating a flow of electrons (current). As the electrons flow, they generate heat and light, representing the bulb’s power in a circuit. By knowing the voltage and current, you can easily calculate the power output of the bulb. The wattage of the bulb indicates the energy consumed per second.

Practical applications of this formula are vast. This equation is especially useful in designing safe and efficient electrical systems. For instance, designing the wiring for both small devices and large power systems requires a thorough understanding of the relationship between voltage, current, and power. The formula helps ensure that systems are capable of delivering the required energy without causing failures or inefficiencies.

Ohm’s Law and this principle are often used together in electrical engineering. While power focuses on the relationship between voltage and current, Ohm’s Law deals with the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance (measured in ohms). Ohm’s Law states that voltage equals current multiplied by resistance (Voltage = Current × Resistance). By combining Ohm’s Law and this power equation, you can analyze an electrical system more comprehensively. For example, if you know the voltage and resistance in a circuit, you can calculate the current and then determine the power in the circuit. To fully understand Watt's Law, it helps to explore how voltage and current electricity interact in a typical electrical circuit.

Georg Simon Ohm – German physicist and mathematician (1787–1854), known for Ohm's Law, relating voltage, current, and resistance.

What is Watt's Law and how is it used in electrical circuits?

Watt’s Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that defines the relationship between power, voltage, and current in an electrical circuit. The formula is expressed as:

Power (Watts) = Voltage (Volts) × Current (Amperes)

In simpler terms, Watt’s Law states that the electrical power consumed by a device (measured in watts) is the product of the electrical potential difference (voltage) and the current flowing through the circuit. Accurate calculations using Watt’s Law often require a voltage-drop calculator to account for line losses in long-distance wiring. Comparing voltage drop and voltage sag conditions illustrates how slight changes in voltage can have a substantial impact on power output.

James Watt – Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer (1736–1819), whose improvements to the steam engine led to the naming of the watt (unit of power).

How is it used? Watt’s Law is widely used to determine the amount of power an electrical device or system consumes. This is especially important for designing electrical circuits, optimizing power distribution, and ensuring the efficiency of devices. Here are a few examples of how it’s applied:

• Electrical Circuit Design: Engineers use it to calculate the power consumption of devices and ensure that circuits can handle the expected electrical load. This helps prevent overloads and ensures that the wiring is safe.

• Power Output Calculations: Using this formula, you can calculate the power output of a generator, appliance, or device, enabling you to match the right components to your system's requirements.

• Energy Efficiency: Understanding power consumption in appliances and devices helps consumers make informed choices, such as selecting energy-efficient options. Devices like wattmeters and watthour meters measure power and energy usage based directly on the principles of Watt’s Law. For a deeper look at how devices like ammeters help measure current, see how their readings plug directly into Watt’s Law calculations.

How is Watt's Law different from Ohm's Law?

Watt’s Law and Ohm’s Law are both fundamental principles in electrical engineering, but they deal with different aspects of electrical systems:

• Watt’s Law defines the relationship between power, voltage, and current. It focuses on the amount of energy used by a device in a given circuit. The formula is:

           Power = Voltage × Current

• Ohm’s Law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Ohm’s Law explains how the current is affected by the voltage and the resistance present in the circuit. The formula for Ohm’s Law is:

            Voltage = Current × Resistance

Key Differences:

• Focus: It focuses on power, while Ohm’s Law focuses on the flow of electricity in a circuit, particularly how resistance affects current.

• Watt’s Law is used to determine the amount of power a device is consuming. Ohm’s Law, on the other hand, is used to calculate current, voltage, or resistance in a circuit depending on the other known variables.

• Applications: It is applied when designing systems that require power management, such as calculating the power output or efficiency of devices. Ohm’s Law is used more in analyzing how current behaves in a circuit when different resistive elements are present.

By combining both laws, electrical engineers can gain a comprehensive understanding of how electrical systems function, ensuring that devices operate efficiently and safely. When used with Ohm’s Law, Watt's Law enables engineers to analyze both energy consumption and electrical resistance.

One key area of application is in energy consumption. By understanding the voltage and current values for a specific device, engineers can monitor the amount of energy the device consumes. This is especially important for managing energy usage in homes, businesses, and power systems. By applying the formula, you can identify inefficient devices and make more informed decisions about energy efficiency.

In renewable energy systems, such as solar panels and wind turbines, this principle plays a critical role in optimizing energy output. Engineers use the formula to calculate how much electrical energy is being generated and distributed. This is crucial for ensuring that power systems operate efficiently and minimize excess energy loss.

Another practical application of this formula is in the automotive industry. It is used to design vehicle charging systems and battery technologies. For example, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations depend on understanding voltage, current, and power to ensure efficient charging times. Engineers use the equation to calculate the charging capacity required for EV batteries, helping to create optimal charging solutions.

In large facilities like data centers, this Watt’s Law formula is used to ensure power distribution is efficient. By applying the relationship between power, voltage, and current, engineers can effectively manage power systems, thereby reducing energy consumption and operational costs. Proper energy management in data centers is crucial, as high power usage can result in significant energy costs.

This power formula is indispensable for electrical engineers and technicians. The applications of Watt’s Law extend across various industries and are utilized in everything from designing power system wiring to developing renewable energy technologies. By combining Ohm’s Law and this principle, electrical engineers can optimize the performance of electrical components, ensuring energy efficiency and system reliability. Understanding the role of a resistor in a circuit can reveal how power is dissipated as heat, a key concept derived from Watt’s Law.

Finally, visual tools like the Watt's Law triangle are often used to simplify the application of this principle, helping both professionals and students understand how to apply the formula. As technology advances and energy demands grow, this formula remains a key element in electrical engineering, guiding the development of more efficient systems for the future.

Related Articles

• Electricity Fundamentals

• Electricity Questions

• Electricity History

Electricity supplier delivers power via transmission and distribution networks, managing tariffs, load forecasting, SCADA, and power quality, integrating renewables, smart meters, and demand response to ensure grid reliability, compliance, and efficient kWh billing.

What Is an Electricity Supplier?

An electricity supplier procures and delivers power, manages tariffs, and ensures grid reliability and power quality.

✅ Energy procurement and wholesale market participation

✅ Distribution coordination, SCADA monitoring, and outage management

✅ Tariff design, metering, billing, and power quality compliance

Who is my electricity supplier?

In Canada and the United States, it’s easy to learn which energy provider serves your property or residence. It depends on whether you are trying to find your electricity and natural gas supplier. Sometimes, homes and businesses have the power to choose their energy service utility company and the products and service they provide. Customers are free to choose. It's a competitive energy marketplace. For a plain-language primer on infrastructure, see the electricity supply overview to understand typical delivery steps.

If you use both services, your property might have the same local distribution company for both fuels, – commonly known as a "duel fuel supplier". But if your utility records are stored separately, you might need to more research to learn who supplies your natural gas services and your electricity services separately. If you are curious where the power originates, this guide to how electricity is generated explains common fuel sources and grid integration.

Here is a list of accredited Electricity Suppliers in Canada

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/mc-mc.nsf/eng/lm00525.html

Market dynamics can vary by province, and recent electricity demand trends in Canada help explain seasonal shifts in offers.

Here is a list of accredited Electricity Suppliers in the United States.

https://www.electricchoice.com/blog/25-top-providers-part-1/

When comparing providers, consult current electricity price benchmarks to contextualize quoted rates.

Who can supply electricity?

All electricity supplier companies must have a licence from the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). One of the licence conditions is that a  company must produce codes of practice on:

Although the codes of practice are not legally enforceable, they will be useful when negotiating with a company and any breach should be reported to governmental regulatory authorities. Understanding the basics in this introduction to what electricity is can make those obligations clearer.

Choosing an electricity supplier

You can change your company if you wish. If you are considering changing your company you should be aware that the pricing structures, services offered and policies will differ between the different companies.You should carefully check the information and contracts of the competing electricity suppliers, and compare these to your current terms, to make sure that you choose the best deal for your needs. A lot depends on your gas bills or electricity bill, and your location by postal code. You can also estimate bill impacts by applying tips from this guide on how to save electricity while comparing plans.

Dual fuel offers

Dual fuel is the supply of gas and electricity by the same company. Some gas and electricity suppliers are licensed separately by Ofgem to supply customers with both fuels. Some companies will supply both fuels under one contract, while others will give one contract for gas and another for electricity. For households with high usage, reviewing your typical electricity power consumption patterns can reveal whether dual fuel makes financial sense.

Electricity Suppliers who make dual offers will often give a discount off the total bill as they can make administrative savings by issuing combined bills and collecting combined payments. However, this does not necessarily mean that the cost of gas and electricity

• procedures for complaints
• payment of bills, arrangements for dealing with arrears and prepayment meters
• site access procedures
• energy efficiency advice
• services for older, disabled and chronically sick people. As part of this code of practice, the company must keep a register of these people and provide services to help those who are blind and partially sighted or deaf or hearing impaired. Especially during a power outage, it is important that these customers are restored asap.The customer may have to pay for some of these services.
  • how you will be charged for your electricity supply. Some companies may make a fixed standing charge and then a unit charge for the amount of electricity used; an company may not make a standing charge, but charge a higher unit price
  • whether different charges apply to different periods during the day
  • if cheaper prices are offered for particular payment methods, for example, if you pay by direct debit
  • what service standards each company is offering, for example, for repairs, extra help for older or disabled customers.All electricity suppliers must keep a list of their customers who ask to be identified as pensioners, chronically sick or disabled.The electricity supplier must tell all its customers that it keeps such a list and give information on how customers can be added to the list
  • the company's policies, for example, on debt and disconnection.

Related Articles

• Electricity Fundamentals

• Electricity Questions

• Electricity History

Medium voltage refers to electrical systems operating between 1 kV and 35 kV, used in industrial facilities, substations, and utility power distribution networks to safely transfer energy between low-voltage and high-voltage levels.

What is Medium Voltage?

Medium voltage refers to the electrical range between 1 kV and 35 kV, bridging the gap between low- and high-voltage systems for efficient energy transfer and safe power distribution across industrial, commercial, and utility applications.

✅ Used in substations, industrial plants, and utility grids

✅ Defined by IEEE and IEC classification standards

✅ Supports reliable energy transmission and electrical safety

A medium voltage (MV) system is crucial for distributing electricity in industrial, commercial, and institutional settings. It acts as the intermediary between high-voltage transmission lines and low-voltage consumer systems, ensuring efficient power delivery within a facility. This article provides a comprehensive overview of a medium voltage system, including its definition, applications, equipment, safety practices, and relevant standards. Understanding these concepts is vital for electrical professionals to ensure the safe and efficient operation of this critical power infrastructure. Medium voltage systems are essential links in 3 phase electricity networks, where balanced power delivery ensures efficient energy distribution across industrial and utility infrastructures.

Understanding medium voltage systems is essential for electrical professionals working in industrial, commercial, and institutional settings. This article provides a comprehensive overview of what constitutes medium voltage, its role in the power grid, common applications, and safety considerations. By grasping these key concepts, professionals can ensure the safe and efficient design, operation, and maintenance of these critical power systems. Understanding 3 phase power helps explain how medium voltage circuits maintain stable electrical loads in substations and manufacturing facilities.

Voltage Levels and Classifications

In the realm of electrical engineering, voltage levels are broadly categorized to distinguish their applications and safety requirements.  These categories range from LV, typically used for residential applications, to extra high voltage (HV) and ultra-high voltages employed in HV transmission across long distances. MV occupies a middle ground, generally falling between 1,000 volts (600 volts in some instances) and 35,000 volts (35 kV). This distinguishes it from HV used in transmission and lower voltages used in end-user applications. Many 3 phase transformers and pad-mounted transformer installations operate at medium voltage levels, stepping electrical energy down for safe use in local distribution systems.

To better visualize this, imagine electricity flowing like a river through the electrical grid. V is like the force propelling the water, and different levels represent different sections of the river. HV is like a powerful, fast-flowing river capable of transporting electricity over long distances. MV, on the other hand, is like a branching stream that distributes the water (electricity) to various destinations. It's the crucial link between the high-powered transmission lines and the LV systems that deliver power to individual consumers. For a foundational understanding, review basic electricity concepts that explain how V, current, and resistance interact within medium voltage electrical systems.

What is Medium Voltage Applications?

Medium voltage systems have a wide range of applications in industrial, commercial, and institutional settings. In industrial facilities, they power large motors, heavy machinery, and industrial processes. Commercial buildings utilize what is MV for HVAC systems, lighting, and other electrical loads. Institutions such as hospitals and universities rely on MV to support their critical operations.

The use of MV is increasing. Historically, it was mainly used for subtransmission and primary distribution, supplying distribution transformers that step down the voltage to LV for end-use equipment. It was also traditionally used in industries for MV motors. However, with advancements in power electronics and semiconductor technology, new applications are emerging, such as:

• MV DC Distribution Grids: These grids offer higher efficiency in long-distance transmission and are being implemented in collector grids for wind and photovoltaic parks.

• Renewable Energy Integration: MV systems play a vital role in integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid, enabling the transition to a more sustainable energy future.

The principles of active power apply directly to medium voltage operations, where real power flow efficiency determines the overall performance of industrial and commercial grids.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does MV differ from low and HV?

Medium voltage occupies a middle ground between LV, typically used for residential applications, and HV, employed for long-distance transmission. It's the "in-between" voltage level that allows us to efficiently distribute power to different consumers.

What is Medium Voltage Range ?

Generally, MV falls between 1,000 volts (600 volts in some instances) and 35,000 volts (35 kV). This range can vary slightly depending on regional standards and practices.  For example, ANSI standards in the US include voltages up to 69 kV in the MV class, while IEC standards use 1000 Vrms as the threshold between low and HV in AC installations.

What is MV in industrial, commercial, and institutional power systems?

Medium voltage is distributed within these facilities to power various equipment and loads. It's the primary level used within these settings before being stepped down to LV for end-use.

What are common applications of MV systems?

Common applications include powering large motors and machinery in industrial settings, as well as HVAC and lighting systems in commercial buildings, and critical operations in institutions such as hospitals.  Emerging applications include microgrids and the integration of renewable energy.

What are the key standards and regulations governing MV systems?

Key standards include those from ANSI, IEEE, and NEC, which provide guidelines for the design, installation, and safety of MV systems. These standards ensure that MV systems are implemented in a safe and consistent manner.

A Medium Voltage system is crucial for distributing electricity in industrial, commercial, and institutional settings. It acts as the intermediary between HV transmission lines and LV consumer systems, ensuring efficient power delivery within a facility. This article provides a comprehensive overview of a medium voltage system, including its definition, applications, equipment, safety practices, and relevant standards. Understanding these concepts is vital for electrical professionals to ensure the safe and efficient operation of this critical power infrastructure.

Related Articles

• Electricity Fundamentals

• Electricity Questions

• Electricity History

Kirchhoff's Law, comprising the Current Law (KCL) and Voltage Law (KVL), governs electrical circuits by ensuring charge conservation and energy balance, essential for analyzing current flow, voltage drops, and network behaviour.

What is Kirchhoff's Law?

Kirchhoff's law is an essential principle in the analysis of electrical circuits, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of complex circuits.

✅ Defines relationships between currents and voltages in electrical circuits

✅ Ensures conservation of charge (KCL) and energy (KVL) in networks

✅ Essential for analyzing and solving complex circuit problems

It consists of two fundamental rules, Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which are intrinsically linked to other electricity laws, such as Ohm's law.  Kirchhoff’s Law works closely with Ohm’s Law Formula to calculate voltage drops, currents, and resistance in electrical networks.

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) - Also known as the first Kirchhoff's law or Kirchhoff's junction rule, KCL states that the sum of the currents entering a junction in a circuit is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

ΣI_in = ΣI_out

KCL is based on the principle of the conservation of charge, asserting that charge can neither be created nor destroyed. In practical terms, KCL means that, at any given point in a circuit, the total current entering must equal the total current leaving, ensuring a continuous flow of electric charge. Understanding Basic Electricity provides the foundation for applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Voltage Law to real-world circuit analysis.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) - Also known as the second Kirchhoff's law or Kirchhoff's loop rule, KVL states that the sum of the voltage gains and losses (potential differences) around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
ΣV_rise = ΣV_drop

KVL is based on the principle of the conservation of energy, indicating that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another. In electrical circuits, KVL implies that the total voltage supplied in a loop equals the total voltage drop across all components, ensuring that energy is conserved. Accurate circuit calculations require a clear grasp of Electrical Resistance and how it impacts voltage distribution across components.

Relation to Other Electricity Laws

The most significant connection between Kirchhoff's and other electricity laws is Ohm's law, which defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. Ohm's law can be expressed as:

V = IR

When analyzing a circuit using Kirchhoff's laws, Ohm's law is often employed to calculate unknown quantities such as voltage drops, currents, or resistance values. By combining Kirchhoff's laws with Ohm's law, a complete understanding of the behaviour of electrical circuits can be achieved, facilitating efficient design, troubleshooting, and optimization. Applying Kirchhoff’s principles is easier when you understand key Electrical Terms used in engineering and troubleshooting.

History

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, a German physicist, made significant contributions to understanding electrical circuits by establishing two fundamental laws: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). These laws are essential tools for circuit analysis, enabling engineers to design and troubleshoot electrical networks efficiently. In addition to resistance, Capacitance plays a vital role in determining circuit behavior, especially in AC systems.

KVL, also known as the loop rule, states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around a closed loop equals zero. This principle is derived from the conservation of energy, which ensures that no energy is lost within a closed system. In essence, KVL states that the energy supplied to a circuit is equal to the energy consumed by the components in that circuit. Therefore, when solving problems using KVL, it is essential to consider voltage drops across resistive elements like resistors and voltage rises due to sources like batteries or generators.

On the other hand, KCL, or the junction rule, states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a junction (node) in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving the same junction. This law is a consequence of the conservation of charge, which posits that charge cannot be created or destroyed within an electrical circuit. KCL ensures that the total charge entering and leaving a node remains constant, with the currents (I1, I2, I3, I4, I5) balancing each other. Knowledge of Voltage Drop is essential when using KVL to assess energy losses in electrical circuits.

The significance of these laws in electrical networks lies in their versatility, as they can be applied to a wide range of circuits, from simple series and parallel circuits to more complex electrical networks. Kirchhoff's laws can be employed in conjunction with Ohm's Law, which states that the current through a conductor is proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance. Using Kirchhoff's and Ohm's Law, engineers can analyze various aspects of a circuit, including voltage drops, current flow, and power distribution.

When analyzing series and parallel circuits, his laws offer valuable insight into the behaviour of electrical components. In series circuits, the current remains constant throughout the entire loop, while the voltage drops across each resistor are proportional to their respective resistances. The voltage across each branch is constant in parallel circuits, but the current is divided among the parallel resistors according to their resistances. By applying KVL and KCL to these configurations, engineers can determine the optimal arrangement of components for a given application.

To illustrate the application of his laws, consider a simple example. Imagine a circuit with a battery, two resistors in series, and a capacitor in parallel with the second resistor. By applying KVL and KCL, we can determine the voltage drop across each resistor, the current flow through each branch, and the voltage across the capacitor, enabling us to analyze the circuit's behaviour under various conditions.

Despite their usefulness, his laws have some limitations and assumptions. For instance, they assume that the components in a circuit are ideal, meaning they have no internal resistance or capacitance. Additionally, they don't account for the effects of electromagnetic fields or the finite speed of signal propagation in AC circuits. However, these limitations are often negligible in many practical applications, as they only marginally impact circuit performance. For a deeper historical context, explore the History of Electricity and the contributions of Gustav Kirchhoff to modern circuit theory.

Related Articles

• Electricity Fundamentals

• Electricity Questions

• Electricity History