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Electricity terms explain voltage, current, resistance, impedance, power factor, frequency, AC/DC, circuits, transformers, and load. Master key definitions to analyze systems, size conductors, mitigate harmonics, and ensure safety compliance.

What Are Electricity Terms?

Standardized definitions for voltage, current, resistance, impedance, and power factor used in electrical engineering.

✅ Define units, symbols, and formulas per IEEE/IEC standards

✅ Clarify AC/DC behavior, phasors, impedance, and power factor

✅ Aid circuit analysis, sizing conductors, and safety compliance

Here are the top 50 commonly used electricity terms that are essential for understanding electrical systems, devices, and concepts: For a broader glossary with context and examples, see the curated list at Electrical Terms by Electricity Forum for deeper reference.

Voltage (V) – The electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. Understanding how potential difference relates to the nature of electricity is clarified in this overview of what electricity is and how it behaves.

Current (I) – The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). A concise explanation of electricity as a physical phenomenon is given in this definition of electricity for foundational understanding.

Resistance (R) – Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).

Power (P) – The rate of doing work or transferring energy, measured in watts (W).

Ohm's Law – The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. For a step-by-step refresher on the relationships among voltage, current, and resistance, explore this basic electricity guide to connect theory with practical examples.

Alternating Current (AC) – Electric current that reverses direction periodically.

Direct Current (DC) – Electric current that flows in one direction only. For a side-by-side comparison of waveform behavior, applications, and conversion methods, review the differences between AC and DC to strengthen conceptual understanding.

Frequency (f) – The number of cycles per second in AC, measured in hertz (Hz).

Impedance (Z) – The total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit, combining resistance and reactance, measured in ohms.

Capacitance (C) – The ability to store electrical energy in an electric field, measured in farads (F).

Inductance (L) – The ability of a conductor to induce a voltage when current changes, measured in henries (H).

Power Factor (PF) – The ratio of real power to apparent power, indicating the efficiency of a system.

Real Power (P) – The actual power consumed to perform work, measured in watts.

Apparent Power (S) – The total power in a system, combining real and reactive power, measured in volt-amperes (VA).

Reactive Power (Q) – Power in AC circuits that does not perform useful work, measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR).

Load – The device or equipment that consumes electrical power.

Short Circuit – An abnormal connection between two points in a circuit, causing excessive current flow. To ground this topic in fundamentals, revisit what an electrical circuit is before examining fault conditions.

Overload – A condition where a circuit or device exceeds its rated current capacity.

Circuit Breaker – A protective device that interrupts the flow of current when an overload or short circuit occurs.

Fuse – A protective device that melts to break the circuit when excessive current flows.

Grounding (Earthing) – Connecting parts of an electrical system to the Earth to ensure safety.

Transformer – A device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

Conductor – A material that allows the flow of electrical current, typically copper or aluminum.

Insulator – A material that resists the flow of electric current, such as rubber or plastic.

Phase – The distribution of alternating current electricity into separate waveforms, often used in three-phase power systems.

Watt (W) – The unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second.

Kilowatt (kW) – A unit of power equal to 1,000 watts.

Megawatt (MW) – A unit of power equal to 1 million watts.

Voltage Drop – The reduction in voltage across a component or conductor in an electrical circuit.

Arc Flash – A dangerous condition associated with the release of energy caused by an electric arc.

Resistor – A component that opposes the flow of current, used to control voltage and current in circuits.

Diode – A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only.

Rectifier – A device that converts AC to DC.

Inverter – A device that converts DC to AC.

Contactor – An electrically controlled switch used to control a power circuit.

Relay – A switch operated by an electromagnet, used for controlling circuits.

Switchgear – Equipment used to switch, control, and protect electrical circuits.

Distribution System – The system of wires and equipment that delivers electricity from substations to consumers.

Neutral – A conductor that carries current back to the source in an electrical system.

Busbar – A conductor used to distribute power from one source to multiple circuits.

Overcurrent Protection – Devices like fuses and circuit breakers designed to protect circuits from excessive current.

Phase Angle – The angular displacement between voltage and current waveforms in AC circuits.

Power Supply – A device that provides the necessary electrical power to a circuit or device.

Generator – A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. This ties directly to how electrical energy is produced, transferred, and ultimately consumed.

Motor – A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Frequency Converter – A device that changes the frequency of AC power.

Power Grid – A network of transmission lines, substations, and power stations for distributing electricity.

Service Panel – The central distribution point for electrical circuits in a building, containing circuit breakers or fuses.

Utility Transformer – A transformer that steps down high voltage for distribution to consumers.

Harmonics – Distortions in the electrical waveform that can affect power quality.

These terms cover a wide range of concepts from basic electrical theory to components and safety practices in electrical systems.
 

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DC current delivers unidirectional electron flow with constant polarity, powering circuits, batteries, and electronics; characterized by steady voltage, low ripple, and efficient distribution via rectifiers, converters, and regulated power supplies in electrical engineering.

What Is DC Current?

DC current is unidirectional electron flow with constant polarity, providing steady voltage for efficient power delivery

✅ Provides constant voltage for sensitive electronics and logic circuits

✅ Generated by batteries, fuel cells, solar PV; produced via rectification

✅ Enables precise control in motors, sensors, and industrial automation

DC current is essential to electrical energy, powering devices ranging from small electronic gadgets to electric vehicles. We can appreciate its significance in modern life by understanding its properties, applications, and relationship to other electrical concepts such as voltage, resistance, and Ohm's Law. Despite its limitations in power transmission over long distances, the use of DC current in solar energy systems and electric vehicles continues to demonstrate its vital role in an increasingly electrified world. For a practical primer, the direct current overview clarifies key concepts used in everyday systems today.

Direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) are the two primary forms of current that power various electrical devices and systems. As the name suggests, direct current flows in a single, unidirectional direction, while alternating current oscillates in direction and magnitude. This article will explore the fundamental concepts of DC current, its applications, and its relationship to other aspects of electricity. For deeper contrasts, the difference between AC and DC guide expands on efficiency, safety, and conversion considerations for designers.

It is the flow of electric charge (electrons) in a consistent direction across a conductor, such as a wire. The consistent flow differentiates it from AC, where the direction of the flow periodically reverses. One of the most significant differences between DC and AC current is their power transmission method. DC systems transmit power at a constant voltage, while AC power alternates at a specific frequency. Complementing this, an accessible alternating current explainer details waveform behavior and frequency effects relevant to grid systems.

Electrical circuits using DC current play an essential role in many everyday devices and systems. Some common applications of DC current include batteries, solar panels, and electronic devices. Batteries are a prime example of a DC power source, as they generate a steady flow of electrons from one terminal to another. Solar panels, on the other hand, convert sunlight into DC electrical energy, which can then be stored in batteries or transformed into AC for use in homes or businesses. If you're new to the topic, this current electricity introduction connects sources like batteries and solar arrays to practical loads in simple terms.

In DC current circuits, voltage and resistance are essential factors influencing the flow of electric charge. Voltage refers to the electric potential difference between two points, whereas resistance represents the opposition to the flow of current. Ohm's Law, a fundamental principle in electrical engineering, states that the current flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across those points and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. In other words, the higher the voltage or, the lower the resistance, the greater the current. A concise current reference ties these relationships to measurement practices and typical units used in labs.

DC current also plays a critical role in electric vehicles, where it is converted from high-voltage batteries to the required voltage for the electric motor. This conversion from DC to AC is essential because electric motors typically function on AC power.

DC current presents both advantages and disadvantages. One of its main benefits is its simplicity, as it maintains a constant voltage and current flow, making it easier to work with in electronic devices. Additionally, its unidirectional flow allows for more efficient power storage in batteries. However, one significant drawback is that it could be better suited for long-distance power transmission, as it suffers from substantial power loss over long distances.

The story of electricity would be incomplete without mentioning the famous "Battle of the Currents" between Thomas Edison, a staunch advocate of DC systems, and George Westinghouse, who supported AC systems. Ultimately, AC power emerged as the winner for power distribution due to its ability to transmit power over long distances with minimal energy loss. For historical and conceptual grounding, an electricity definition frames how these terms evolved across scientific practice.

DC Current Calculator Explained

A DC current calculator is a tool that helps to determine the direct current flowing through an electrical circuit based on known values of voltage, resistance, and sometimes power. It is used to simplify and verify calculations related to DC circuits and ensure proper circuit design, maintenance, and troubleshooting. The calculator uses Ohm's Law and the power equation as the basis for its calculations.

Ohm's Law states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across those points and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) between them. The formula is:

I = V / R

In addition to Ohm's Law, the power equation can be used to determine the current in a circuit when the power (P) and voltage (V) are known:

P = IV

By rearranging this formula, we can find the current:

I = P / V

To use a calculator, you will typically input the known voltage, resistance, and/or power values, and the calculator will solve for the unknown variable (in this case, the current). For safe circuit operation, some calculators may provide additional information, such as power dissipation or required resistor wattage. If you need a refresher before using calculation tools, this basic electricity primer reviews units, symbols, and safety fundamentals that prevent common mistakes.

A calculator is especially useful for electrical engineers, technicians, and hobbyists working with DC circuits to verify their calculations or diagnose issues within the circuit. It can help ensure the proper functioning of electronic devices, efficient energy usage, and the safety of the electrical components within a system.

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Electricity safety in electrical engineering prioritizes grounding, insulation coordination, overcurrent protection, arc-flash mitigation, lockout/tagout, and PPE to reduce shock, burn, and fire hazards in high-voltage and low-voltage installations through standards compliance and risk assessment.

What Is Electricity Safety?

Electricity safety is engineering practice to prevent shock, arc flash, and fire through design, controls, and standards.

✅ Implement grounding/earthing, bonding, and insulation coordination.

✅ Use overcurrent, residual current, and arc-fault protection.

✅ Apply NFPA 70E/IEC 60364, lockout/tagout, and arc-flash PPE.

Electricity Safety dangers involving voltages of greater than 50V are capable of producing heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues which happen to pass through the chest area. The electrocution danger is mostly determined by the low conductivity of dry human skin. If skin is wet, or if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes which penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal if contacted. A DC circuit may be especially dangerous because it will cause muscles to lock around the wire. For a broader overview of common electrical hazards, the guide at dangers of electricity explains mechanisms of shock and injury.

Accidental contact with high voltage will usually result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact. These can be especially dangerous if the victims airways are affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces exerted as people may fall fall from height or be thrown considerable distance. For context on regulatory and industry thresholds, see what is considered high voltage and how those limits are defined.

Electricity Safety

Depending on the short circuit current available at a switchgear line-up, a hazard is presented to maintenance and operating personnel due to the possibility of a high-intensity electric arc. Maximum temperature of an arc can exceed 10,000 kelvin, and the radiant heat, expanding hot air, and explosive vaporization of metal and insulation material can cause severe injury to unprotected workers. Such switchgear line-ups and high-energy arc sources are commonly present in electric power utility substations and generating stations and power lines, industrial plants and large commercial buildings. In the United States the National Fire Protection Association, has published a guideline standard NFPA 70E for evaluating and calculating arc flash hazard, and provides standards for the protective clothing required for electrical workers exposed to such hazards in the workplace. And even then, workers must still be careful. Understanding fault energy begins with the basics of a short circuit and how fault paths escalate incident energy.

While arc flash and arc blast are distinct, an arc fault can originate from insulation breakdown or wiring damage and quickly intensify conditions.

Explosion hazard

Even voltages insufficient to break down air can be associated with enough energy to ignite atmospheres containing flammable gases or vapours, or suspended dust. For example, air containing hydrogen gas or natural gas or gasoline vapor can be ignited by sparks produced by electrical apparatus fed by electricity lines or electricity power lines. Examples of industrial facilities with hazardous areas are petrochemical refineries, chemical plants, grain elevators, and some kinds of coal mines. In many environments, seemingly minor static electricity discharges are sufficient to ignite vapors if controls are inadequate.

Measures taken to prevent such explosions include:

• Intrinsic safety, which is apparatus designed to not accumulate enough stored energy to touch off an explosion
• Increased safety, which applies to devices using measures such as oil-filled enclosures to prevent contact between sparking apparatus and an explosive atmosphere
• Explosion-proof enclosures, which are designed so that an explosion within the enclosure cannot escape and touch off the surrounding atmosphere (this designation does not imply that the apparatus will survive an internal or external explosion).

In recent years standards for explosion hazard protection have become more uniform between European and North American practice. The "zone" system of classification is now used in modified form in U.S. National Electrical Code and in the Canadian electrical code. Intrinsic safety apparatus is now approved for use in North American applications, though the explosion-proof enclosures used in North America are still uncommon in Europe. For clarity on terminology used across these standards, consult this electricity terms glossary for consistent definitions.

The Electric Safety Home is a home in which the outlet plugs, electric cords, and each electricity plug and cord plug near sinks and water sources are GFCI protected. That makes them safe. Understanding the nature of a ground fault helps explain why GFCIs trip quickly to prevent shock.

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Tidal electricity converts predictable ocean tides into renewable energy using tidal turbines, barrages, and lagoons, delivering stable baseload marine power, efficient grid integration, low carbon emissions, and robust reliability through advanced hydrodynamics and power electronics.

What Is Tidal Electricity?

Tidal electricity generates grid power from ocean tides via turbines or barrages, providing predictable, low-carbon output.

✅ Uses tidal stream turbines, barrages, and lagoons

✅ Predictable output enhances grid stability and capacity planning

✅ Power electronics enable efficient conversion and grid integration

Tidal electricity is obtained by utilizing the recurring rise and fall of coastal waters. Marginal marine basins are enclosed with dams, making it possible to create differences in the water level between the ocean and the basins. The oscillatory flow of water filling or emptying the basins is used to drive hydraulic turbines which propel wave generators. As a specialized branch of hydroelectricity, tidal schemes convert predictable water level differences into dispatchable power.

The cyclical movement of seawater exemplifies how water electricity systems depend on fluid dynamics and site geometry.

Large amounts of wave generation could be developed in the world's coastal regions having tides of sufficient range, although even if fully developed this would amount to only a small percentage of the world's potential hydroelectric power. In global electricity production portfolios, tidal energy typically plays a niche role alongside other renewables.

Because installations are coastal and infrastructure-intensive, they can contribute to regional green electricity targets with long service lives.

It is produced by turbines operated by tidal flow. Many ideas for harnessing the tides were put forward in the first half of the 20th century, but no scheme proved technically and economically feasible until the development by French engineers of the plan for the Rance power plant in the Gulf of Saint-Malo, Brittany, built 1961–67. A dam equipped with reversible turbines (a series of fixed and moving blades, the latter of which are rotated) permits the tidal flow to work in both directions, from the sea to the tidal basin on the flood and on the ebb from the basin to the sea. The Rance plant has 24 power units of 10,000 kilowatts each; about seven-eighths of the power is produced on the more controllable ebb flow. The sluices fill the basin while the tide is coming in and are closed at high tide. Emptying does not begin until the ebb tide has left enough depth of fall to operate the turbines. Conversely, the turbines are worked by the incoming tide to the basin. With reversible bulb turbines, both ebb and flood flows generate electricity with high capacity factors during spring tides.

Compared with windmills for electricity, tidal turbines benefit from dense water flow that yields steadier torque.

The Soviet Union completed construction in 1969 of a plant of about 1,000 kilowatts on the White Sea. Other sites of interest for tidal power plants include the Bay of Fundy in Canada, where the tidal range reaches more than 15 m (49 feet). Although large amounts of power are available from the tides in favourable locations, this power is intermittent and varies with the seasons. Grid planners often pair tidal plants with storage and flexible resources used in electricity windmill operations to smooth variability.

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Equivalent resistance is the total resistance of a circuit that simplifies multiple resistors into a single resistor. It is calculated differently for series and parallel circuits, helping determine current flow, voltage distribution, and overall power consumption in electrical networks.

What is Equivalent Resistance?

Equivalent resistance is a crucial concept for individuals working with electrical circuits. It: 

✅ Represents the single resistance that replaces multiple resistors in a circuit.

✅ Simplifies calculations of current, voltage, and power.

✅ Found using series or parallel formulas based on resistor arrangement.

By mastering the calculation methods for series and parallel circuits, understanding the relationship with Ohm's law, and applying Kirchhoff's laws in more complex situations, you can efficiently analyze and design electrical systems that meet the requirements of various applications. Furthermore, by incorporating equivalent resistance calculations into your skillset, you'll be better prepared to tackle the exciting challenges presented by the ever-evolving world of electronics and power systems.

Equivalent Resistance in Series vs. Parallel Circuits

To calculate the equivalent resistance of a network, it is often necessary to determine the sum of the individual resistances. This involves adding the resistance values of each individual resistor in the network, providing a baseline for further calculations. This is a resistance formula for a single resistor, as well as for calculating resistors connected in parallel or in series.

Electrical resistance (R) is a measure of the opposition to the flow of electric current within a circuit. It is determined by the material and dimensions of the conductor, as well as the temperature and other environmental factors. It is measured in ohms (Ω), with lower R indicating greater conductivity and vice versa.

Equivalent Resistance Formula

When a group of resistors is connected end-to-end, they form a series. In a series circuit, the total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual Rs, as current must flow through each resistor in turn. The equivalent resistance of a series circuit is calculated by adding the values of each individual resistor:

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

Resistors connected across the same potential difference, or applied voltage, are referred to as being connected in parallel. In a parallel circuit, the total R is less than the R of any individual resistor as the current divides among the resistors. The equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit is calculated using the reciprocal formula:

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...

Equivalent resistance is the single R value that can replace a group of resistors in a circuit, offering the same overall R. This simplifies circuit analysis and allows for more straightforward calculations of current and voltage values.

Ohm's law is an essential principle in electronics and relates closely to equivalent resistance. Ohm's law states that the current (I) flowing through a resistor is directly proportional to the applied voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the R. The equation is:

V = IR

By calculating equivalent resistance for a given circuit, we can use Ohm's law to determine the overall current flowing through the circuit and the voltage drops across each resistor.

Series and parallel circuits exhibit different properties when it comes to equivalent resistance. In series circuits, the overall R increases with the addition of more resistors, which means the total current will decrease. In parallel circuits, adding more resistors results in a decrease in total resistance, causing an increase in total current. Understanding these differences is crucial for designing circuits that meet specific electrical requirements.

Kirchhoff's Law

Kirchhoff's laws are another essential tool for calculating equivalent resistance in more complex circuits that cannot be simplified as purely series or parallel. Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the sum of currents entering a junction in a circuit must equal the sum of currents leaving the junction. Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) asserts that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must equal zero. By applying these laws, we can create a system of equations to solve for unknown resistance values in a network, ultimately determining the equivalent resistance.

Real-World Applications

Real-world applications of equivalent resistance can be found in various fields, such as electronics, power distribution, and telecommunications. For example, various components have different R values in electronic devices, such as smartphones. Calculating the equivalent resistance enables engineers to design efficient power management systems, ensuring optimal performance and extended battery life. In power distribution networks, equivalent resistance calculations are essential for determining voltage drops and current values across transmission lines, enabling the design of efficient and reliable power delivery systems.

Understanding equivalent resistance is vital for professionals and students who deal with electrical circuits. From simplifying complex networks to designing efficient circuits, equivalent resistance plays a central role in analyzing and developing modern electronic systems. Familiarity with this concept and associated principles like Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws ensures a strong foundation for anyone working with electronics, power systems, and telecommunications.

Technology Advances

As technology advances, the importance of equivalent resistance in designing and analyzing new devices and systems will only grow. Calculating and understanding equivalent resistance enables engineers to push the boundaries of innovation and improve upon existing systems, resulting in more efficient, high-performance solutions for consumers and industries alike.

To further develop your understanding of equivalent resistance and related concepts, consider exploring the wealth of educational resources available online and in textbooks, as well as seeking hands-on experience through workshops or real-world projects. Applying this knowledge to practical scenarios will enable you to tackle various electrical and electronic challenges.

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Electricity supplier delivers power via transmission and distribution networks, managing tariffs, load forecasting, SCADA, and power quality, integrating renewables, smart meters, and demand response to ensure grid reliability, compliance, and efficient kWh billing.

What Is an Electricity Supplier?

An electricity supplier procures and delivers power, manages tariffs, and ensures grid reliability and power quality.

✅ Energy procurement and wholesale market participation

✅ Distribution coordination, SCADA monitoring, and outage management

✅ Tariff design, metering, billing, and power quality compliance

Who is my electricity supplier?

In Canada and the United States, it’s easy to learn which energy provider serves your property or residence. It depends on whether you are trying to find your electricity and natural gas supplier. Sometimes, homes and businesses have the power to choose their energy service utility company and the products and service they provide. Customers are free to choose. It's a competitive energy marketplace. For a plain-language primer on infrastructure, see the electricity supply overview to understand typical delivery steps.

If you use both services, your property might have the same local distribution company for both fuels, – commonly known as a "duel fuel supplier". But if your utility records are stored separately, you might need to more research to learn who supplies your natural gas services and your electricity services separately. If you are curious where the power originates, this guide to how electricity is generated explains common fuel sources and grid integration.

Here is a list of accredited Electricity Suppliers in Canada

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/mc-mc.nsf/eng/lm00525.html

Market dynamics can vary by province, and recent electricity demand trends in Canada help explain seasonal shifts in offers.

Here is a list of accredited Electricity Suppliers in the United States.

https://www.electricchoice.com/blog/25-top-providers-part-1/

When comparing providers, consult current electricity price benchmarks to contextualize quoted rates.

Who can supply electricity?

All electricity supplier companies must have a licence from the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). One of the licence conditions is that a  company must produce codes of practice on:

Although the codes of practice are not legally enforceable, they will be useful when negotiating with a company and any breach should be reported to governmental regulatory authorities. Understanding the basics in this introduction to what electricity is can make those obligations clearer.

Choosing an electricity supplier

You can change your company if you wish. If you are considering changing your company you should be aware that the pricing structures, services offered and policies will differ between the different companies.You should carefully check the information and contracts of the competing electricity suppliers, and compare these to your current terms, to make sure that you choose the best deal for your needs. A lot depends on your gas bills or electricity bill, and your location by postal code. You can also estimate bill impacts by applying tips from this guide on how to save electricity while comparing plans.

Dual fuel offers

Dual fuel is the supply of gas and electricity by the same company. Some gas and electricity suppliers are licensed separately by Ofgem to supply customers with both fuels. Some companies will supply both fuels under one contract, while others will give one contract for gas and another for electricity. For households with high usage, reviewing your typical electricity power consumption patterns can reveal whether dual fuel makes financial sense.

Electricity Suppliers who make dual offers will often give a discount off the total bill as they can make administrative savings by issuing combined bills and collecting combined payments. However, this does not necessarily mean that the cost of gas and electricity

• procedures for complaints
• payment of bills, arrangements for dealing with arrears and prepayment meters
• site access procedures
• energy efficiency advice
• services for older, disabled and chronically sick people. As part of this code of practice, the company must keep a register of these people and provide services to help those who are blind and partially sighted or deaf or hearing impaired. Especially during a power outage, it is important that these customers are restored asap.The customer may have to pay for some of these services.
  • how you will be charged for your electricity supply. Some companies may make a fixed standing charge and then a unit charge for the amount of electricity used; an company may not make a standing charge, but charge a higher unit price
  • whether different charges apply to different periods during the day
  • if cheaper prices are offered for particular payment methods, for example, if you pay by direct debit
  • what service standards each company is offering, for example, for repairs, extra help for older or disabled customers.All electricity suppliers must keep a list of their customers who ask to be identified as pensioners, chronically sick or disabled.The electricity supplier must tell all its customers that it keeps such a list and give information on how customers can be added to the list
  • the company's policies, for example, on debt and disconnection.

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