Atomic watchdog reports Tehran to UN

The move followed weeks of bickering among the agency's 35-country board members, two of whom, Russia and China, agreed to it only on condition that any action would be stalled until next month.

Tensions had been mounting since Iran removed the watchdog agency's seals on a nuclear research facility in January, underscoring fears that it may be developing nuclear weapons. European diplomats who had been negotiating to avert a crisis joined the U.S. in calling for Security Council action.

The Security Council has the power to impose sanctions or approve the use of force. But although the recent vote in Vienna passed by an overwhelming margin, with only Cuba, Syria and Venezuela opposed, and five abstentions, there is little idea of what might result from it.

After the vote, Iran announced it would immediately end its voluntary co-operation with the nuclear agency to curtail spot checks and that it would begin full-scale production of enriched uranium, which can be used to produce electricity or to help build nuclear bombs.

The council's resolution stresses that Iran has had "many failures and breaches of its obligations" to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty it endorsed in 1970, before launching a nuclear power program that raised suspicions it will eventually develop an atomic bomb.

The measure calls on Iran to freeze its uranium enrichment program, consider a halt to construction of a reactor that could produce weapons-grade plutonium, agree to grant the nuclear watchdog increased inspection powers, and allow it wider access to investigate illegal nuclear purchases, interview scientists and view documentation on "military-owned workshops" where nuclear activities might be carried out.

News of the referral was greeted with defiance in Tehran, and tough talk in the West.

In the United States, Republican Senator John McCain warned that military action could not be ruled out.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel said Iran had "blatantly crossed the line" in refusing to back down on its nuclear program, while its president threatened Israel and denied the Holocaust.

Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi denounced the UN move as an "escalation" of the hostilities, and warned that Europe was also choosing a "line of confrontation" that could affect regional stability.

Some experts believe the rhetoric will give way to realism when the Security Council takes on the issue, as Washington has urged for several months.

"It's a foregone conclusion that Iran will continue its nuclear program," said Charles Ferguson, science and technology fellow at the New York-based Council on Foreign Relations. "Threats can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

"The best approach would be for the U.S. to declare victory because the issue has reached the Security Council, and then pass a resolution giving the IAEA more authority and access," Ferguson said.

Neither sanctions nor the use of force are likely to be approved by China and Russia, two of the Security Council's powerful veto-bearing permanent members. But convincing Iran to bow to tougher rules could also be challenging.

In addition to its nuclear facilities, Tehran controls one of the largest missile inventories in the Middle East and has an infrastructure capable of producing new missile systems.

With a young and restless population, widespread poverty and unemployment, Iran has also been divided between pro-democratic factions and an entrenched cadre of religious leaders.

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, a hardliner, has played on nationalist sentiment to unite the country in support for his vision of Iran as a nuclear power.

"Ahmadinejad not only distrusts the West, he is not very fond of what it stands for," said Ali Ansari of the University of St. Andrews, an expert on contemporary Iran, in a recent article in the Independent.