Kyoto plan dubs gases `toxic'

The sources said the greenhouse gases would be regulated under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, an updated 1988 law that already lists almost 70 chemicals or chemical families as potentially toxic.

The proposed regulations, which could be published as early as next month, are almost certain to be controversial since "toxic" carbon dioxide is what people exhale and plants take in for photosynthesis.

As well, the gas industry has been protesting behind closed doors because the new regulations would also declare methane, or natural gas, toxic. The environmental protection act's current list of toxic substances specifically exempts methane, a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide in producing global warming.

The Kyoto Protocol, which goes into legal effect tomorrow, binds Canada to reduce average annual emissions of greenhouse gases in 2008-2012 to six per cent below 1990 levels. In 2003, emissions were 24 per cent above 1990.

Declaring greenhouse gases toxic would give Ottawa the legal clout it now lacks to enforce emission reduction targets negotiated under Kyoto with big emitters like the oil industry, power plants, mining and heavy manufacturing.

Federal sources said the environmental protection act's regulations could also backstop any voluntary agreement with the auto industry to improve fuel efficiency by 25 per cent before 2012.

But the sources could not confirm the federal cabinet had given formal approval to the environment department's Kyoto regulation plan.

A competing proposal by the natural resources department instead envisages a new Kyoto law targeted specifically at curbing greenhouse gas emissions.

"Since Environment Canada is steaming ahead with the (protection act) regulations, it seems likely that they expect to get the nod in cabinet," said an environmental activist who has been closely following Kyoto developments.

But experts say both a new law or regulations under the existing act could face serious legal challenges from industry, and perhaps from a province like Alberta, which opposes Kyoto.

The legal issues revolve around the federal constitutional authority to pass laws that stop short of outright bans on substances like carbon dioxide that are part of the natural environment.

Federal sources said the government will argue the Canadian Environmental Protection Act defines a substance as toxic if it "may constitute a danger to the environment on which life depends." The same approach was used to ban the manufacture and importation of ozone-attacking chemicals called CFCs, even though they weren't directly toxic to life.

The four other greenhouse gases that will be curbed under Kyoto are nitrous oxide, produced mostly from fertilizers, and three industrial gases — hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. Scientists estimate carbon dioxide accounts for about 60 per cent of human-induced global warming and methane, largely from landfills, for almost 20 per cent.